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History and the EU — page 4

From the county of 963 through Burgundian, Spanish, Austrian, French and Dutch rule to independence, the wars, and Luxembourg’s place in the European Union. 119 questions in this section; the exam draws 10 of its 40 from here.

91.The 'Europe of Fifteen' was reached in 1995 with the accession of…
- aCroatia
- bDenmark, Ireland, UK
- ✓Austria, Finland and Sweden
Why: The big eastern enlargement of ten states followed on 1 May 2004.
92.When did the largest single EU enlargement take place?
- a2013
- b1973
- ✓1 May 2004, with ten countries
Why: Central/Eastern Europe plus Cyprus and Malta; Bulgaria and Romania followed in 2007, Croatia (28th) in 2013.
93.Which country became the EU's 28th member state in 2013?
- aSlovenia
- bBulgaria
- ✓Croatia
Why: The accession treaty of Bulgaria and Romania had been signed in Luxembourg in April 2005.
94.Which treaty incorporated the Schengen Convention into EU law?
- ✓The Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
- bThe Treaty of Nice
- cThe Treaty of Rome
Why: Amsterdam brought free movement of persons into the Community framework.
95.What did the Treaty of Nice (2001) mainly do?
- aCreated the euro
- bFounded the ECSC
- ✓Reinforced the European Parliament's powers and reweighted Council votes
Why: It prepared the institutions for enlargement.
96.Which EU bodies are seated in Luxembourg?
- aThe European Council
- ✓The Court of Justice, EIB, Court of Auditors, Eurostat, EP Secretariat and Publications Office
- cThe ECB and Europol
Why: The ECB went to Frankfurt in 1993; Luxembourg kept the judicial and financial institutions.
97.When was the Benelux Economic Union treaty signed?
- a1921
- ✓1958
- c1949
Why: A tripartite union with Belgium and the Netherlands, building on the earlier UEBL with Belgium.
98.Which organisation did Luxembourg join in 1949, abandoning neutrality?
- ✓NATO (and the Council of Europe the same year)
- bThe European Union
- cThe Zollverein
Why: Post-war Luxembourg gave up the neutrality imposed in 1867.
99.Robert Schuman is described in official sources as…
- aA Luxembourg prime minister
- bA German chancellor
- ✓French foreign minister of Luxembourg origin
Why: Born in Luxembourg City; his 9 May 1950 declaration launched European integration.
100.Which treaty created the European Economic Community?
- aThe Treaty of Paris, 1951
- ✓The Treaty of Rome, 1957
- cMaastricht, 1992
Why: Rome created the EEC and Euratom; Paris created the ECSC.
101.Which treaty turned the European Communities into the European Union?
- aNice, 2001
- bRome, 1957
- ✓Maastricht, 1992
Why: It also laid the foundations for the single currency.
102.In which order were these treaties signed?
- aRome, Paris, Lisbon, Maastricht
- ✓Paris, Rome, Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, Lisbon
- cMaastricht, Rome, Paris, Nice
Why: 1951, 1957, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2007 — the official syllabus lists Rome, Maastricht, Amsterdam and Lisbon.
103.Which country joined the EU in 2013?
- aSlovenia
- bRomania
- ✓Croatia, as the 28th member
Why: Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007; their accession treaty was signed in Luxembourg in 2005.
104.Which enlargement brought ten new members at once?
- a1973
- ✓1 May 2004
- c1995
Why: Eight central/eastern European states plus Cyprus and Malta.
105.Greece joined the European Communities in…
- a1973
- ✓1981
- c1986
Why: Spain and Portugal followed in 1986.
106.Who was Pierre Werner?
- ✓The Luxembourg Prime Minister whose 1970 plan prefigured monetary union
- bThe first ECSC president
- cA Grand Duke
Why: The Werner Plan is regarded as the precursor of the euro.
107.When did euro banknotes and coins enter circulation?
- ✓2002
- b1992
- c1999
Why: The euro existed as scriptural money from 1999; Luxembourg was a founding member.
108.Which agreement abolished checks at internal borders?
- ✓The Schengen Agreement, 1985
- bThe Rome Treaty
- cThe Benelux Treaty
Why: Signed on a boat on the Moselle at the Luxembourgish village of Schengen.
109.When was the Schengen Convention incorporated into EU law?
- ✓By the Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997
- bAt Nice
- cAt Maastricht
Why: It brought free movement of persons into the Community framework.
110.Luxembourg City became a permanent seat of European institutions from…
- a1992
- b1815
- ✓1952, with the ECSC High Authority
Why: Since 1965 it has been one of the three European capitals, confirmed at Edinburgh in 1992.
111.Which EU institution has its seat in Luxembourg?
- aThe European Central Bank
- bThe European Council
- ✓The Court of Justice of the European Union
Why: Also the EIB, Court of Auditors, Eurostat, the EP Secretariat and the Publications Office.
112.Who made the declaration of 9 May 1950?
- ✓Robert Schuman
- bJean Monnet
- cJoseph Bech
Why: Born in Luxembourg City; the declaration proposed pooling coal and steel — now Europe Day.
113.Joseph Bech is remembered as…
- ✓A Luxembourg statesman among the founding fathers of Europe
- bA resistance leader
- cA Grand Duke
Why: He signed the Treaties of Rome for Luxembourg and helped relaunch integration at Messina.
114.How many states founded the ECSC in 1951?
- ✓Six
- bTwelve
- cThree
Why: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
115.Which organisations did Luxembourg join in 1949?
- ✓NATO and the Council of Europe
- bThe Zollverein
- cThe EU and the euro
Why: Marking the definitive abandonment of the neutrality imposed in 1867.
116.When did Luxembourg join the United Nations?
- a1957
- ✓1945, as a founding member
- c1992
Why: Part of the post-war turn to international integration.
117.What is the Benelux?
- ✓An economic union of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg
- bA military alliance
- cA currency
Why: Its Economic Union treaty was signed in 1958, building on the wartime customs agreement.
118.What did Luxembourg do during its Council presidencies?
- aLeft the EU temporarily
- bNothing notable
- ✓Hosted major signings, such as the 2005 accession treaty of Bulgaria and Romania
Why: As a founding member it is often the honest broker among larger states.
119.Which Luxembourger led the European Commission from 2014?
- ✓Jean-Claude Juncker
- bJacques Santer
- cGaston Thorn
Why: Thorn 1981–85, Santer 1995–99, Juncker 2014–19.

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